Interventions to manage occluded central venous access devices: An umbrella review.

The main objective of this umbrella review is to synthesise available evidence from systematic reviews on the effectiveness of interventions for the management of occlusions in central venous access devices. CVADS have been extensively utilised among the critically ill since the 1950s however have also been linked to an increase in catheter complications. CVAD occlusion can occur in 14%-36% of patients within 1-2 years of catheter placement and is a longstanding complication. Umbrella methodology was applied to review five healthcare databases. Databases were searched for publications from 2009 and 2022 and electronic keywords searches were conducted. The authors searched for reviews that reported on any intervention to prevent, maintain or manage patency of the central venous access devices within an acute care setting. Of the 278 articles identified from the initial search a total of 11 articles were identified. This umbrella review concluded that education enhances patient outcomes and decreases occlusion rates. Further studies are required to explore occlusion reduction strategies in relation to flushing and locking.

Diagnostic accuracy of prospectively gated, 128-slice or greater CTCA at high heart rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Prospectively gated 64-slice CT coronary angiography (CTCA) may be contraindicated for heart rates (HRs) over 65 beats per minute (bpm) due to reduced diagnostic sensitivity. Newer CT scanners typically provide 128 or more slices and superior temporal resolution compared with older models; consequently, diagnostic accuracy for current technology prospectively gated CTCA may be adequate at HRs above 65 bpm. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of CTCA using 128-slice or greater CT technology when compared with conventional coronary angiography for patients with HRs >65 bpm. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and Scopus was performed as well as unpublished databases, sources and reference lists. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers. Full-text screening was then performed. Studies that determined diagnostic accuracy of coronary artery stenosis in adult patients with high heart rates utilising prospectively gated 128 detector or greater scanners were included. Studies that were included in the review underwent critical appraisal using the QUADAS-2 tool. RESULTS: Ten studies were included in the systematic review, with nine of these included in a diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis, including six of which reported data at the patient level. Meta-analysis indicated very high pooled sensitivity 100% (95% CI 0.99, 1.00); however, pooled specificity was less at 79% (95% CI 0.69, 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Prospectively gated CT coronary angiography may be justifiable at heart rates above 65 bpm if performed on a 128-slice or greater CT unit. Caution regarding the implication of a positive result is recommended due to reduced specificity. Further evidence is required before consideration of a new higher heart threshold.

Understanding diagnostic test accuracy studies and systematic reviews: A primer for medical radiation technologists.

Diagnostic test accuracy studies are performed in order to determine the value of a diagnostic test. Primary studies of diagnostic accuracy describe the accuracy of a test calculated using the number of true and false positive and negative cases of a given diagnosis of interest. Systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy are performed to identify accuracy of a test but also to investigate where the test might sit in a diagnostic pathway or determine how different tests compare against each other. This introductory discussion paper aims to give the reader an overview of the various features in primary and secondary diagnostic test accuracy study designs for medical imaging professionals.

Diagnostic accuracy of positive oral contrast in abdominal computed tomography for non-traumatic pathologies: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of positive oral contrast versus no oral contrast for common, non-traumatic computed tomography abdominal indications in adults. INTRODUCTION: Positive oral contrast is regularly administered to patients to drink prior to computed tomography scans of the abdomen and pelvis. The purpose of the preparation is to improve visualization of the bowel, however, technological advances in scanner design may mean positive oral contrast is no longer required. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Eligible studies will consider the use of positive oral contrast in non-traumatic indications for computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis to include appendicitis, bowel obstruction, diverticulitis, intestinal neoplasms and metastasis (screening or staging), or acute abdomen. The review will use the discharge diagnosis as the reference standard. Studies that describe adult patients (18+) and published from 2000 on will be considered. METHODS: MEDLINE Complete, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus will be searched, along with Google Scholar and numerous radiology college websites. Screening of potential titles and abstracts, retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses will be performed, if possible, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Summary of Findings presented. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO (CRD42020184285).

Effectiveness of adjusting radiographic technique parameters on image quality in direct digital radiography: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to investigate the effectiveness of adjusting radiographic technique parameters on image quality of projectional radiographs acquired on a direct digital radiography system. INTRODUCTION: Projectional radiography performed with direct digital detectors is now commonplace in many medical imaging departments across the world. While the acquisition technology has advanced, it appears that many sites have not optimized their radiographic technique factors for this new technology. The aim of this review is to uncover evidence to support the continued use of these traditional technique parameters or to suggest changes in clinical practice that would produce optimized results. INCLUSION CRITERIA: The review will consider studies that include projectional radiographs acquired on a direct digital radiography system of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Only studies that investigate a human subject (living or post-mortem), or an anthropomorphic phantom will be included. Studies that directly investigate the effect of changing a technique parameter on the resultant image quality and the effect on patient dose will be included. METHODS: A comprehensive search of both published and unpublished literature will be performed to uncover studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies will be screened for inclusion by two reviewers and disagreements resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. Studies included in final analysis will be critically appraised for methodological quality. Data will be extracted by a single reviewer and checked by the author team for accuracy. Statistical meta-analysis and subgroup analyses will be performed as appropriate, and a Summary of Findings created. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019137806.

Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography coronary angiography utilizing recent advances in technology in patients with high heart rates: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) using recent scan technologies for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD) in adults with high heart rates. INTRODUCTION: Invasive coronary angiography is the gold standard for detecting significant CAD, but it is costly and carries risks of complications. Computed tomography coronary angiography has a high sensitivity for diagnosing CAD, although image quality may be affected by elevated heart rates. Recent technological advances in scanner design may increase the diagnostic accuracy of CTCA. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider diagnostic test accuracy studies that include adults 18 years and older with a heart rate greater than 65 beats per minute who have undergone CTCA to diagnose CAD (greater than 50% stenosis). Eligible studies will compare invasive coronary angiography with computed tomography scanner technologies that use either single- or dual-source scanner configuration in prospective electrocardiogram scan acquisition mode, and with a total scanner coverage equal to or greater than 128 detector-rows. Studies published in English from 2007 will be considered. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus will be searched, along with Google Scholar, the NIHR-HTA register, computed tomography vendors and conference abstracts. Screening of potential titles and abstracts, retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses will be performed, if possible, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings presented.

Factors associated with appointment non-attendance at a medical imaging department in regional Australia: a retrospective cohort analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Appointment non-attendance contributes added cost to the healthcare sector through wasted resource allocations. Medical imaging departments commonly schedule appointments for most modalities; however, no study has quantified patient attendance rates in the Australian regional setting. This is despite evidence that regional, rural and remote Australians tend to demonstrate poorer health than metropolitan counterparts. This study aims to identify the factors that influence appointment non-attendance at a teaching hospital in regional Australia. METHODS: Categories restricted to age, gender, indigenous status, distance from investigation site, referral source and imaging modality were collected for all appointments (N = 13,458) referred to the medical imaging department in 2015. The likelihood of each of these factors correlating with a patient not attending a scheduled appointment was calculated using the chi-squared analysis and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Gender, indigenous status as well as specific imaging modalities, referral sources and age categories were significantly associated with non-attendance. Overall, male patients were 1.57 (P < 0.001) times more likely to miss a scheduled appointment than female patients. Patients who identified as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander were 2.66 (P < 0.001) times more likely to miss a scheduled appointment than patients who did not identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. CONCLUSIONS: Several key factors appear to affect medical imaging appointment non-attendance. Key factors include indigenous status, gender, image modality, referral source and age. Further improvement is required to better meet the needs of underrepresented patient demographics.

Computed tomography coronary angiography with heart rate control premedication: a best practice implementation project.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography coronary angiography patient preparation with heart rate control premedication is employed in departments across Australia. However, the methods of administration vary widely between institutions and do not always follow best practice. OBJECTIVES: This aim of the study was to identify and promote best practice in the administration of heart rate premedication in computed tomography coronary angiography at a regional hospital in Australia. METHODS: The Joanna Briggs Institute have validated audit and feedback tools to assist with best practice implementation projects. This project used these tools, which involve three phases of activity - a pre-implementation audit, reflecting on results and implementing strategies to address non-compliance, and a post-implementation audit to assess the outcomes. RESULTS: A baseline audit identified non-compliance in the majority of measured audit criteria. Following implementation of an institution-specific guideline and associated worksheet, improved compliance was shown across all audit criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Following the development and implementation of institution-specific evidence-based resources relating to heart rate control in computed tomography coronary angiography, a high level of compliance consistent with best practice was achieved.